Introduction:
A modern political history will
not be completed without mentioning Marxism because Karl Marx
gave his intellectual contributions to modern world. The 19th
century was influenced by Marxism and developed a separate model of state.
Former Soviet Russia was one of biggest examples of state which was built upon the
Marx theory plus Lenin thoughts. After
Russian Revolution and Second World War the most of Asian and European
countries adopted Marx theory for developing their own state. Before 1990 the
half population of world was under the umbrella of Communist state. Marx and his thoughts not only supported the
idea of state but also gave new ideas like human freedom, equality, new version
of state and culture. Before decline of Soviet Russia, there were advocacies as
well as critiques on Marx theory. The
American and pro -capital media always critiqued on Communist states and Marx’s
views. After decline of Soviet Russia
this critiques is going on and this process will continue. .After 1990 many
Communist countries turn over from Marx theory and they adopted free economy, democracy
for their new structure. The present Russia, under Putin leaderships try develops
there own model on a same line.
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan these new states are also in the same pipe
line. A China only one super power and Communist
country also accepted new economic policies for sustainability of state. Last more than twenty years the world economy and
its development is going on this path. On this changing scenario the review of
Marx theory is one of the requirements and it was fulfilled by well known
political scientist Dr. Ashok Chusalkar with his book Marxvad-Uttar Marxvad. This book is wrote in Marathi and published
by Pratima Prakashan, Pune, and March 2010.
This book devoted for Marx theory and its implication on Communist block
and special reference to India and state of Maharashtra.
I
This book consists main three sections with thirteen chapters from Marx,
human rights to review of Prof. D. K. Bedekar’s view on Gandhi thoughts and its
critiques. The section one is devoted on
five chapters related with Marx ideas of freedom, views on equality, New
Marxism-1 &2 and critiques on new colnynsm.
In first chapter, writer discussed on Marks ideas about rights. According
to Marx, natural rights are virtual and they cannot be proved in reality.
Positive rights are supported with constitution and laws of state and these
rights are protected by judicial system but the implementations of rights are
not satisfied. In modern age the rights are presented in two ways, i.e. liberal
democratic defined rights and second views are presented by ideal political
thinker where Hegel approach was important. Liberal thinkers approved equality
and freedom. This system provides few rights to every citizen for his development
of life. The citizen has a right of to create a wealth but very few peoples are
getting successful in their business and work. Ultimately few people collect wealth and they are controlling on the society
and the power is always used in interest
of few people and they exploit the
people with the support of government so there are two classes of the people; one who rule and second who
work under them. To stop the exploitation, Marx suggested new changes through
the revolution. For equality Marx suggested:
1. Equality in physical and intellectual work.
2. Equality in between agriculture and industry.
3. Equality in between villages and cities.
In the second chapter the writer focuses on Marx ideas of equality. Marx
advocated of scientific socialism and promoted idea of state of working class.
Marx assumed that the equality will after the formation of new state of working
class and this state will work for establishing the equality in the society.
For removing the exploitation and establishing the equality Marx wanted the
total revolution through the working class.
The third and fourth chapters
devoted for New Marxism and its contribution to the society. The Russian revolution
took place under the leadership of Lenin and after the revolution he added his
own ideas according new need of Soviet Russia. After his death Stalin came in to
the power and he did major changes in constitution also he gave the new shape
to Russian communist party. In 1949 the communist revolution took place in
China and Mao leads this revolution and called as new ‘Cultural Revolution’.
After 1930 the European and U.S scholars started the study of Marxism and they
contributed to Marxist theory. The Trotsky and his followers were under the
influence of new Marxism. The Grimace, Lukach and Goldman were also under the
influence of New Marxism. The Frankfurt school and its thinkers gave their
contributions to develop New Marxism. These all aspects of New Marxism were
covered in these two chapters. The writer concludes that the movement of New
Marxism is going on in Europe and U.S. But not a popularized and actual theory
and thoughts were not implemented.
II
The second section discussed on
system of Soviet Russia, political thoughts of Mao, differences between China
and Russia and the reforms of Gorbachev and declined of U.S.S.R. These two
chapters are very important because they discussed on major role of Russia and
China in respect implementation of Marx theory. In respect of Russia the
writers took review from Lenin to Gorbachev and their new changes. The Russian
revolution took place in 1917 and that time Russia was not major industrial
country like U.K or Germany. Lenin and his followers mobilized the farmers and
they toppled Zar and its establishment. Lenin formed new system as socialist
state. After Lenin’s death the Stalin came forward in the power and he gave the
shape to U.S.S.R. and after Second World War Russia became the super power
under his leadership. Within his time, he promoted industrial development in Soviet
Russia also he made the major changes in the U.S.S.R constitution. In 1952 he
wrote separate book on economic rules for U.S.S.R and developed it through the
planning. Stalin did the contribution industrial development of Russia and he
gave his support for revolution in east Europe and China. During his period the
democracy was removed from U.S.S.R After Stalin Khruchev came in the power and
he fallowed the same root of Stalin. The few changes took place in his time. After
the Khruchev , Brezhnev came in the power and he did major changes in Soviet state constitute and declared that the
class struggle is over in Russia and
U.S.S.R became the socialist state. During the Brezhnev time U.S.S.R. was
leading as the leader of Communist World and played major role in Cold War. After
the death of Brezhnev, Gorbachev led U.S.S.R in the World Politics. Gorbachev realized the real economic picture
of U.S.S.R and he gave new structuring to Soviet economy under the new
programme of ‘Perestroika and Glasnost’. He wanted a new face for socialist
democracy through new economy restructuring polices. Unfourtunally, Gorbochev
ideas were not successful and Soviet Russia was split in the new several
independent states. Before that merging of Germany was taken place and many communist
courtiers changed their structure and they adopted democracy and capitalism.
The writers also discussed Mao thoughts and its implementations in
China. In 1949 the Mao led the revolution in China and established new
Communist state in Asia. Now the China is the super power and dominated in the World
politics. Mao was the followers of Marx,
Angles, and Lenin and also he contributed his ideas for developing Communist
state and he developed China with help of farmers and workers. Mao wanted a new
man and ideal society through the China revolution. Soviet Russia gave the
support to new Communist China and tried to coordinate with them. This
cooperation was sustain till 1971 and after that China was openly criticized
Russian policies and tried to go close with U.S. China made the essential changes
in policies. The crises between Russia and China came out for following reasons:
1. Intellectual crises with Russia.
2. China criticized on development of Russia and its
parameters.
3. Soviet dominations and third world concept.
4. Border issue between China and Russia.
5. 1962 war between China and India
6. Cuba problem
All above aspects and their
reasons were discussed by the writer and he highlighted that socialist
courtiers made the changes but they were not properly handle an internal
opposition of their societies with democratic manners.
III
The third section of the book
has been devoted for Marx and India, Democratic socialism, Marxit thoughts in
Maharashtra, Rising of Peasant and worker party, Dabhadee Thesis, Lal nishan
party, Split in communist movement, Contribution of D.K Bedekar and Damodar
Kosanbi. This third section of this book reviews of communist movement in India
and Maharashtra. The writer also touches contributions of Pandit Nehru,
M.N.Roy, Jaypraksh Naryan, and Dr.Rammnohar Lohiya. The state of Maharashtra also contributed
in development Marx theory in 19th century with social and political
movements. The establishment of Communist party by S. A. Dange and his personal
contribution through the books like Gandhi
verses Lenin. The writer mentioned
the contributions of Dinkarrao Javalkar,
Shankarao Javdekar, Laxmanshastri
Joshi, and Shard Patil. The rising of Peasant
workers party (PWP) and its background and Dabhadi Thesis were mentioned in the
book. Prof. Damodar Kosanbi and Prof. D.K.Bedekar gave their separate
contributions on Marx theory and its thoughts. By this way the writer Prof.
Chousalkar takes the review of Marxvad and Uttar Marxvad. This book is
published in Marathi so Marathi readers and scholars will access knowledge and
information on Marx theory.
Dr. Sanjay Ratnaparakhi
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